这是崔斯特的第二十八篇原创文章

简单模拟请求的工具 (๑• . •๑)

使用

最简单的方法就是直接在浏览器中复制 Copy as cURL ，然后把数据导入 postman，然后 send ，收工。

我们这里拿知乎首页举例

在对应的请求下复制 cURL

打开 postman ，点击左上角的 Import ，选择Paste Raw Text ，最后 Import，点击 send发送请求

发送请求之后就可以查看了，如下图，标箭头的地方可以打开看更多。比如可以预览web界面，查看 Headers 信息，查看状态，复制代码。

同时可以打开 Headers ，用来调试，哪些是需要的，哪些不需要

最方便的一点是，可以直接生成对应的编程语言，并复制，例如Python的requests方法：

好了，到这里 postman 的简单功能就说完了，他的全部功能当然不止这一点，更多的就去看文档啦

问题

在我的使用过程中，发现了 postman 的一些问题，如：导入错误，参数错误，请求失误。

导入错误

例如知乎这个例子，如果我们复制的是 Copy as cURL (cmd) ，可能你会遇到下面的错误

这个时候选用 Copy as cURL (bush) 就好了，具体原因是啥，我也不清楚。我在这里找到了别人的描述

There is no difference between the two cURL command because there is a difference between ” and ‘.

Refer : Use cURL to get the same results as a web browser

参数错误

举个例子，今天在帮朋友查看这个网站的翻页，复制用postman打开， copy cURL 内容是

curl "https://www.crunchbase.com/v4/data/entities/organizations/56e40f50-97c7-2a77-255d-1d97d5f30646/overrides?field_ids=^%^5B^%^22identifier^%^22,^%^22layout_id^%^22,^%^22facet_ids^%^22,^%^22title^%^22,^%^22short_description^%^22,^%^22is_locked^%^22^%^5D^&card_ids=^%^5B^%^22investments_list^%^22^%^5D" -H "cookie: _ga=GA1.2.35962729.1517412509; _gid=GA1.2.2072770006.1517412509; _vdl=1; _hp2_ses_props.973801186=^%^7B^%^22ts^%^22^%^3A1517412512548^%^2C^%^22d^%^22^%^3A^%^22www.crunchbase.com^%^22^%^2C^%^22h^%^22^%^3A^%^22^%^2Fsearch^%^2Fprincipal.investors^%^22^%^7D; __qca=P0-1969245879-1517412512628; D_IID=1B7344D2-1C8F-3327-8607-D786306444AE; D_UID=208F925B-3D1C-3491-A532-C82375EE187D; D_ZID=497DB63C-5101-3F49-BE35-1752A80F8DDA; D_ZUID=D89FCBAA-BF79-340C-BF55-B860768D0993; D_HID=57B19D5F-5069-3A82-94CB-D42821D1CD10; D_SID=123.120.141.63:bXaeU41PWi5vyYIflFmiShQiK1qwq/nC4G9IljWo+6A; AMCVS_6B25357E519160E40A490D44^%^40AdobeOrg=1; wcsid=KZbgLoopx4WnyMOW3F6pZ0H92JEzMrBd; hblid=cfw6lOKzm4FpCUou3F6pZ0H92JE6rBWB; s_cc=true; AMCV_6B25357E519160E40A490D44^%^40AdobeOrg=1099438348^%^7CMCMID^%^7C05859477990281579603868663655860142263^%^7CMCAAMLH-1518017313^%^7C11^%^7CMCAAMB-1518017313^%^7CRKhpRz8krg2tLO6pguXWp5olkAcUniQYPHaMWWgdJ3xzPWQmdj0y^%^7CMCOPTOUT-1517419713s^%^7CNONE^%^7CMCAID^%^7CNONE^%^7CMCSYNCSOP^%^7C411-17570^%^7CvVersion^%^7C2.1.0; _okdetect=^%^7B^%^22token^%^22^%^3A^%^2215174125149410^%^22^%^2C^%^22proto^%^22^%^3A^%^22https^%^3A^%^22^%^2C^%^22host^%^22^%^3A^%^22www.crunchbase.com^%^22^%^7D; olfsk=olfsk8562990481377502; _okbk=cd4^%^3Dtrue^%^2Cvi5^%^3D0^%^2Cvi4^%^3D1517412515909^%^2Cvi3^%^3Dactive^%^2Cvi2^%^3Dfalse^%^2Cvi1^%^3Dfalse^%^2Ccd8^%^3Dchat^%^2Ccd6^%^3D0^%^2Ccd5^%^3Daway^%^2Ccd3^%^3Dfalse^%^2Ccd2^%^3D0^%^2Ccd1^%^3D0^%^2C; _ok=1554-355-10-6773; _hp2_props.973801186=^%^7B^%^22Logged^%^20In^%^22^%^3Afalse^%^2C^%^22Pro^%^22^%^3Afalse^%^7D; _hp2_id.973801186=^%^7B^%^22userId^%^22^%^3A^%^228805156096536097^%^22^%^2C^%^22pageviewId^%^22^%^3A^%^221700148784936413^%^22^%^2C^%^22sessionId^%^22^%^3A^%^225929107734453151^%^22^%^2C^%^22identity^%^22^%^3Anull^%^2C^%^22trackerVersion^%^22^%^3A^%^223.0^%^22^%^7D; _oklv=1517412548852^%^2CKZbgLoopx4WnyMOW3F6pZ0H92JEzMrBd; s_pers=^%^20s_nrgvo^%^3DNew^%^7C1580484574965^%^3B" -H "origin: https://www.crunchbase.com" -H "accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br" -H "x-distil-ajax: dfdvfavtsysazfberrtudvwabwe" -H "user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.84 Safari/537.36" -H "content-type: application/json" -H "accept-language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8" -H "accept: application/json, text/plain, */*" -H "referer: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/500-startups/investments/investments_list" -H "authority: www.crunchbase.com" -H "x-requested-with: XMLHttpRequest" --data-binary ^"^{^
  ^\^"card_lookups^\^": ^[^
    ^{^
      ^\^"card_id^\^": ^\^"investments_list^\^",^
      ^\^"limit^\^": 100,^
      ^\^"after_id^\^": ^\^"07a9c686-4590-fa0f-3ac4-fc7b898c0b7a^\^"^
    ^}^
  ^]^
^}^" --compressed

导入之后，send，返回 400 错误。

postman 转义的code是：

import requests
url = "https://www.crunchbase.com/v4/data/entities/organizations/56e40f50-97c7-2a77-255d-1d97d5f30646/overrides"
querystring = {"field_ids":"^%^5B^%^22identifier^%^22,^%^22layout_id^%^22,^%^22facet_ids^%^22,^%^22title^%^22,^%^22short_description^%^22,^%^22is_locked^%^22^%^5D^","card_ids":"^%^5B^%^22investments_list^%^22^%^5D"}
payload = "^^{^\n\n  ^\\^card_lookups^^: ^[^\n\n    ^{^\n\n      ^\\^card_id^^: ^\\^investments_list^^,^\n\n      ^\\^limit^^: 100,^\n\n      ^\\^after_id^^: ^\\^07a9c686-4590-fa0f-3ac4-fc7b898c0b7a^^^\n\n    ^}^\n\n  ^]^\n\n^}^"
headers = {
    'cookie': "_ga=GA1.2.35962729.1517412509; _gid=GA1.2.2072770006.1517412509; _vdl=1; _hp2_ses_props.973801186=^%^7B^%^22ts^%^22^%^3A1517412512548^%^2C^%^22d^%^22^%^3A^%^22www.crunchbase.com^%^22^%^2C^%^22h^%^22^%^3A^%^22^%^2Fsearch^%^2Fprincipal.investors^%^22^%^7D; __qca=P0-1969245879-1517412512628; D_IID=1B7344D2-1C8F-3327-8607-D786306444AE; D_UID=208F925B-3D1C-3491-A532-C82375EE187D; D_ZID=497DB63C-5101-3F49-BE35-1752A80F8DDA; D_ZUID=D89FCBAA-BF79-340C-BF55-B860768D0993; D_HID=57B19D5F-5069-3A82-94CB-D42821D1CD10; D_SID=123.120.141.63:bXaeU41PWi5vyYIflFmiShQiK1qwq/nC4G9IljWo+6A; AMCVS_6B25357E519160E40A490D44^%^40AdobeOrg=1; wcsid=KZbgLoopx4WnyMOW3F6pZ0H92JEzMrBd; hblid=cfw6lOKzm4FpCUou3F6pZ0H92JE6rBWB; s_cc=true; AMCV_6B25357E519160E40A490D44^%^40AdobeOrg=1099438348^%^7CMCMID^%^7C05859477990281579603868663655860142263^%^7CMCAAMLH-1518017313^%^7C11^%^7CMCAAMB-1518017313^%^7CRKhpRz8krg2tLO6pguXWp5olkAcUniQYPHaMWWgdJ3xzPWQmdj0y^%^7CMCOPTOUT-1517419713s^%^7CNONE^%^7CMCAID^%^7CNONE^%^7CMCSYNCSOP^%^7C411-17570^%^7CvVersion^%^7C2.1.0; _okdetect=^%^7B^%^22token^%^22^%^3A^%^2215174125149410^%^22^%^2C^%^22proto^%^22^%^3A^%^22https^%^3A^%^22^%^2C^%^22host^%^22^%^3A^%^22www.crunchbase.com^%^22^%^7D; olfsk=olfsk8562990481377502; _okbk=cd4^%^3Dtrue^%^2Cvi5^%^3D0^%^2Cvi4^%^3D1517412515909^%^2Cvi3^%^3Dactive^%^2Cvi2^%^3Dfalse^%^2Cvi1^%^3Dfalse^%^2Ccd8^%^3Dchat^%^2Ccd6^%^3D0^%^2Ccd5^%^3Daway^%^2Ccd3^%^3Dfalse^%^2Ccd2^%^3D0^%^2Ccd1^%^3D0^%^2C; _ok=1554-355-10-6773; _hp2_props.973801186=^%^7B^%^22Logged^%^20In^%^22^%^3Afalse^%^2C^%^22Pro^%^22^%^3Afalse^%^7D; _hp2_id.973801186=^%^7B^%^22userId^%^22^%^3A^%^228805156096536097^%^22^%^2C^%^22pageviewId^%^22^%^3A^%^221700148784936413^%^22^%^2C^%^22sessionId^%^22^%^3A^%^225929107734453151^%^22^%^2C^%^22identity^%^22^%^3Anull^%^2C^%^22trackerVersion^%^22^%^3A^%^223.0^%^22^%^7D; _oklv=1517412548852^%^2CKZbgLoopx4WnyMOW3F6pZ0H92JEzMrBd; s_pers=^%^20s_nrgvo^%^3DNew^%^7C1580484574965^%^3B",
    'origin': "https://www.crunchbase.com",
    'accept-encoding': "gzip, deflate, br",
    'x-distil-ajax': "dfdvfavtsysazfberrtudvwabwe",
    'user-agent': "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.84 Safari/537.36",
    'content-type': "application/json",
    'accept-language': "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
    'accept': "application/json, text/plain, */*",
    'referer': "https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/500-startups/investments/investments_list",
    'authority': "www.crunchbase.com",
    'x-requested-with': "XMLHttpRequest",
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "1df3b2b6-b682-edf7-4804-572ac5a03420"
    }
response = requests.request("POST", url, data=payload, headers=headers, params=querystring)
print(response.text)

可以看到加入了大量的 ^ 符号，这个在Python中是运算符

1	^ 按位异或运算符：当两对应的二进位相异时，结果为1 (a ^ b) 输出结果 49 ，二进制解释： 0011 0001

这也是 postman 的一个问题

请求失误

这个问题，我也不是很懂，有的请求 postman 返回错误，但是复制代码到 Python 环境中运行是可以获得数据的，所以最好是多次验证。